Expanding role of mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists in the treatment of heart failure.

Despite numerous pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic treatment strategies, heart failure remains a complex, progressive disorder with significant morbidity and mortality. Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs), and β-blockers have been used as routine treatment options for heart failure for the majority of patients with left ventricular systolic dysfunction who tolerate these agents. Mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists (MRAs) have also demonstrated significant benefits in the treatment of heart failure, which include a reduction in sudden cardiac death and ventricular remodeling; however, these agents have not been recommended for most patients with heart failure. In the most recent American College of Cardiology Foundation and American Heart Association guidelines, MRAs are recommended for patients with New York Heart Association class III or IV symptoms or previous acute myocardial infarction, provided an absence of contraindications or risk factors for developing hyperkalemia. Based on more recent evidence, it is likely that future recommendations and guidelines will further expand the use of MRAs to patients with mild heart failure as well. These agents have the potential to be recommended nearly as universally as ACE inhibitors and β-blockers because of the potential to reduce mortality and hospital admissions for heart failure. The risk of hyperkalemia should be carefully assessed when using these drugs; nonetheless, new strategies being developed may reduce the occurrence of hyperkalemia as well.