Support for a linear length-tension relation of the torso extensor muscles: an investigation of the length and velocity EMG-force relationships.

This study investigated the hypothesis that the length-tension relation of the torso erectors would be linear, mirroring the observed linear increase in extension strength capability toward full flexion. The effect of torso extension velocity on the tension capability of these muscles was also investigated for common motion speeds. A myoelectric-based approach was used wherein a dynamic biomechanical model incorporating active and passive tissue characteristics provided muscle kinematic estimates during controlled sagittal plane extension motions. A double linear optimization formulation from the literature provided muscle tension estimates. The data of five male subjects supported the hypothesis of a linear length-tension relation toward full flexion for both the erector spinae and latissimus muscles. Velocity trends agreed with the predicted by Hill's exponential relation, although linear trends were found to fit the data almost as well. The results have implications for muscle tension estimation in biomechanical torso modeling, and suggest a possible low back pain injury mechanism through tissue strain while lifting in fully flexed postures.