Management of treatment-resistant nocturnal enuresis.

Nocturnal enuresis is defined as intermittent urinary incontinence during sleep in children 5 years of age and older, occurring at least once a month for at least 3 months. In Japan, pediatricians who do not specialize in nocturnal enuresis have become more proactive in treating the condition since 2016, when the guidelines for treating it were revised for the first time in 12 years. For monosymptomatic nocturnal enuresis, the first step is lifestyle guidance, with a focus on the restriction of fluid intake at night; however, if lifestyle guidance does not decrease the frequency of nocturnal enuresis, aggressive treatment should be added. The first choice of aggressive treatment is oral desmopressin, an antidiuretic hormone preparation, or alarm therapy. However, there remain patients whose wet nights do not decrease with oral desmopressin or alarm therapy. In such cases, it is necessary to reconfirm the method of desmopressin administration and check for factors that may decrease the efficacy of desmopressin. If alarm therapy does not increase the number of dry nights, it is possible that the patient is fundamentally unsuitable for alarm therapy. If dry nights do not increase with oral desmopressin or alarm therapy, the next treatment strategy should be considered immediately to keep the patient motivated for treatment.