Phytoconstituents profiling and antimicrobial activity against escherichia coli and staphylococcus aureus of artocarpus heterophyllus extracts: insights from adaptive laboratory evolution.

The emergence of pathogenic microbes that are resistant to various types of antibiotics and antimicrobial compounds has become a global threat to the global health system and economy. Jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus) leaves are known to have antimicrobial properties. This research was conducted to determine the chemical composition of crude ethanol extracts from A. heterophyllus leaves, antimicrobial activity, and Adaptive Laboratory Evolution (ALE). Antimicrobial activity was tested against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Plant extract's concentration that were used: 0.1; 0.5; 1.0; 5.0; 10.0; 25.0; and 50.0%. The maximum inhibition zone of A. heterophyllus's leaves against E. coli and S. aureus was obtained at 50.0% for 6 h. Before ALE, the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) for E. coli and S. aureus was 5% at a concentration of 500 μg/mL. Following ALE, on day 15 and day 30, the MIC for E. coli increased to 10%, with effective concentrations of 500 μg/mL on day 15 and 250 μg/mL on day 30. For S. aureus, the MIC after ALE was 10% at 500 μg/mL. In addition, Liquid Chromatography-High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry (LC-HRMS) and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) analyses were conducted to determine the phytoconstituents of the leaves extracts. LC-HRMS analysis showed 313 compounds with 3-Dehydrocarnitine dominance. Furthermore, GC-MS analysis revealed 18 compounds, most of which were made up of 9-Octadecenoic acid. The findings of this study suggest that ethanol extracts of A. heterophyllus could be employed as antimicrobial agents.