Determination of cyanide and cyanogenic compounds in biological systems.

A survey of methods for the qualitative and quantitative determination of cyanide and cyanogenic compounds is presented. Particular attention is paid to determination in complex matrices. Chromatographic methods able to separate mixtures of closely related structures, such as glycosides of enantiomeric hydroxynitriles or lipids with slightly differing fatty acid spectra, are included, as are highly selective methods of detection, such as enzymic post-column cleavage combined with electrochemical detection as used in high-performance liquid chromatography. Details of thin-layer chromatography, including methods for detection, are given for both straight-phase and reverse-phase systems. The survey includes simple field methods as well as automated laboratory methods for the determination of 'free', 'bound' and 'total' cyanide, for example in processed food products from Manihot esculenta Cranz. Sources of enzymes are listed and attention is given to problems of sample storage and preparation. References are given to review articles which include data from methods such as ultraviolet, infrared and proton and carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopies.