Global burden and risk factors of chronic kidney disease due to hypertension in adults aged 20 plus years, 1990-2021.

BACKGROUND

The incidence of hypertension-related chronic kidney disease (CKD) is increasing globally annually, and delayed intervention may lead to more complications and an increased disease burden. No study has analyzed the most recent disease burden data for hypertension-associated CKD from 1990 to 2021.

METHODS

In this study, by investigating trends in hypertension-related CKD age-standardized incidence, death, and disability-adjusted life year (DALY) rates, and risk factors for death and DALYs among populations aged 20 years and over between 1990 and 2021, the burden of hypertension-induced CKD was estimated globally, regionally, and nationally based on data from the Global Burden of Disease 2021 from 204 countries and areas.

RESULTS

In 2021, there were 1.27 million individuals with hypertension-induced CKD among the population aged 20 years and older globally. Between 1990 and 2021, the number of incident cases globally increased by 63.87%, the number of deaths increased by 67.37%, the corresponding age-standardized incidence rate increased from 15.025 to 24.334 per 100,000 population, and the age-standardized death rate increased from 4.811 to 8.628 per 100,000 population. The age-standardized death and DALY rates remained stable in the low sociodemographic index (SDI) regions, and most of the medium- and high-SDI regions experienced an increasing trend between 1990 and 2021. Among the 204 countries, Seychelles had the highest age-standardized death and DALY rates. Kidney dysfunction, high fasting plasma glucose levels, dietary risks, high body mass index, and high systolic blood pressure are key risk factors for mortality and DALYs in 2021.

CONCLUSION

The global burden of hypertension-induced CKD has risen rapidly for the last 32 years and will continue to increase in the future.