K-Na transport: the Brewer model replaces the active transport model.

In the 1940's several experimental observations were made regarding the K+ and Na+ content of chilled and restored red blood cells. As a consequence, the concept of active transport was developed. Brewer, a physicist, developed a model for membrane transport based on the electrical properties of double bonds in the ground and excited states. Of particular importance is the membrane double bond P = O. This model was largely formulated from isotope concentration studies using mass spectroscopy, photospectrometry and the nature of malignant cells. In this study, it is shown that the Brewer model completely explains the experimental results which led to the concept of active transport. In addition, it also explains the results of some adjunct experiments.