Repeated immune challenges affect testosterone but not sperm quality.

Mounting an immunological response is energetically demanding and necessarily redirects allocation of resources toward immune system activation and away from other energetically expensive processes, such as reproduction. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a major component of the outer membrane of the cell wall of Gram-negative bacteria Escherichia coli, mimics a bacterial infection without producing the cost of replicating the pathogen and is one of the most commonly used agents to induce an acute phase immune response. Here, we ask if a trade-off can be induced between activation of the acute phase immune response and sperm function, a key indicator of sperm competitive ability. Further, we ask whether repeated exposure to this endotoxin in a social species such as the house sparrow (Passer domesticus), where repeated pathogen exposure may be common, may have a more pronounced effect. To address our questions, we exposed individuals to two rounds of LPS treatment or control, to mimic a repeated pathogen exposure in the wild. We predicted that repeated pathogen exposure would have detrimental effects on sperm quality, and therefore, reproductive success. We compared a measure of sperm quality (straight-line velocity) in captive male house sparrows between LPS-treated and control individuals. We found that although LPS treatment impaired circulating testosterone and induced a hypothermic state when compared with controls, it did not affect sperm quality within days or weeks following a single or repeated LPS exposure.