Biohybrid technologies for CO2 conversion to fuels and chemicals: Advances in bio-electro-, bio-photoelectro-, and bio-photocatalysis.

Addressing climate and energy challenges demands efficient carbon dioxide (CO2) conversion. Biohybrid conversion systems, combining biological and chemical advantages, offer promising sustainable solutions. This review highlights recent advances in value-added CO2 conversion via three key technologies: bio-electrocatalysis (BEC), bio-photoelectrocatalysis (BPEC), and bio-photocatalysis (BPC). Common challenges (e.g., interfacial electron transfer, biocompatibility) and critical optimization strategies are analyzed. Key characteristics of each technology are summarized, including mechanistic insights and case studies. BEC advancements encompass enzymatic/microbial systems, synthetic biology, and renewable energy integration. For BPEC, system optimization and coupling with complementary reactions (e.g., plastic/wastewater oxidation) are emphasized. BPC progress focuses on interface engineering, reaction coupling, and stability enhancement. These technologies represent a transformative pathway for converting waste CO2 into valuable products under mild conditions, offering a cornerstone for achieving sustainable carbon-neutral future. Finally, key challenges and prospects for economically viable biohybrid CO2 conversion technologies are discussed, providing insights toward sustainable carbon cycle economy.