What Is the Role of Sex Differences in Obesity-Associated Chronic Kidney Disease?

BACKGROUND

Obesity is a well-established risk factor for chronic kidney disease (CKD), and its impact varies between sexes. Women generally have higher rates of obesity, which increases their susceptibility to CKD. However, men tend to experience faster disease progression and a higher likelihood of death related to end-stage kidney disease. These differences may be driven by a combination of hormonal, metabolic, and physiological factors.

SUMMARY: Sex-based differences play a crucial role in the development and progression of CKD related to obesity. While women are more frequently affected by obesity, men face a greater risk of severe disease outcomes. Approaches to managing obesity - including lifestyle changes, surgical interventions, and medications - may have differing effects and risk profiles in men and women. These disparities highlight the need for a gender-sensitive approach in both research and clinical practice.

KEY MESSAGES: Obesity increases the risk of CKD, with notable differences between sexes in both prevalence and disease outcomes. Biological differences, such as hormonal and metabolic factors, contribute to sex-specific patterns in disease manifestation and treatment response. Weight loss strategies, pharmacological treatment effectiveness, and side effects may vary depending on sex. Incorporating a gender-based perspective into the diagnosis, treatment, and research of obesity-related CKD is essential for improving patient care and achieving equitable health outcomes.