De Novo Design of Potent, Insecticidal Synthetic Mimics of the Spinosyn Macrolide Natural Products.

New insect pest control agents are needed to meet the demands to feed an expanding global population, to address the desire for more environmentally-friendly insecticide tools, and to fill the loss of control options in some crop-pest complexes due to development of insecticide resistance. The spinosyns are a highly effective class of naturally occurring, fermentation derived insecticides, possessing a very favorable environmental profile. Chemically, the spinosyns are composed of a large complex macrolide tetracycle coupled to two sugars. As a means to further exploit this novel class of natural product-based insecticides, molecular modeling studies coupled with bioactivity-directed chemical modifications were used to define a less complex, synthetically accessible replacement for the spinosyn tetracycle. These studies lead to the discovery of highly insecticidal analogs, possessing a simple tri-aryl ring system as a replacement for the complex macrolide tetracycle.