Progranulin enhances M2 macrophage polarization and renal fibrosis by modulating autophagy in chronic kidney disease.

BACKGROUND

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a prevalent global health issue characterized by progressive renal dysfunction and fibrosis, often leading to end-stage renal failure. Renal fibrosis, a hallmark of CKD, is driven by complex immune responses, including macrophage polarization and inflammatory signaling pathways. Progranulin (PGRN), a glycoprotein involved in inflammation and tissue repair, has emerged as a key regulator in various fibrotic diseases. However, the precise role of PGRN in macrophage polarization and renal fibrosis in CKD remains unclear and warrants further investigation.

METHODS

Renal tissue samples from CKD patients and unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO)-induced mice were analyzed using immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence, Western blotting, and qRT-PCR to assess fibrosis, macrophage infiltration, and key markers of autophagy and inflammation. Recombinant PGRN (rPGRN) was administered in vivo to assess its effects on renal fibrosis, macrophage polarization, and autophagic flux. To evaluate the role of PGRN, PGRN knockout (PGRN-/-) mice were also utilized. The effects of PGRN on autophagic flux and mitochondrial dynamics were studied using mCherry-GFP-LC3 dual-labeling, and macrophage polarization was analyzed by flow cytometry and cytokine profiling.

RESULTS

PGRN expression is significantly elevated in CKD patients and UUO mice and is associated with increased macrophage infiltration and renal fibrosis. rPGRN administration in vivo aggravated fibrosis and promoted M2 macrophage polarization. In contrast, PGRN-/- mice showed reduced renal fibrosis, significantly reduced collagen deposition, and reduced expression of pro-fibrotic cytokines. In addition, the mitochondrial function of PGRN-/- renal fibrosis mice was improved, the mtDNA content of mouse kidney tissue was increased, the results of electron microscopy showed that the mitochondrial structure was relatively normal, the mitochondrial biogenesis related genes PGC1α, TOMM20 and Fis1 were up-regulated, and the levels of MFN2 and Drp1 were significantly reduced. In addition, autophagy related gene LC3 was decreased and P62 protein level was increased in PGRN-/- model mice. Mechanically, PGRN interacts with autophagy related proteins ATG5 and ATG12 to regulate autophagy flux through the PI3K-Akt signaling pathway and promote the polarization of M2 macrophages.

CONCLUSION

PGRN plays a critical role in driving renal fibrosis by regulating macrophage polarization, autophagy, and mitochondrial dynamics. Our findings suggest that PGRN exacerbates CKD progression by promoting M2 macrophage polarization and disrupting autophagic processes, highlighting PGRN as a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of CKD and renal fibrosis.