Black phosphorus-based drug nanocarrier for synergetic chemo-, chemo-dynamic, and photo-dynamic therapy of liver cancer.

Limited therapeutic efficacy and significant toxicity consistently restrict the clinical development of chemotherapeutic drugs. To address these limitations, we engineered a multifunctional TAF-BP-DOX nanoplatform through the strategic combination of BP, doxorubicin, and a metal-polyphenol network (TAF). This rationally designed system exhibits dual responsiveness to tumor microenvironment characteristics, specifically acidic pH and elevated H2O2 levels. Upon NIR irradiation, the platform orchestrates a synergistic combination of chemotherapy, chemodynamic therapy, and photodynamic therapy, demonstrating markedly enhanced anti-hepatoma activity in both cellular and animal models compared to monotherapy approaches using either free DOX or TAF-DOX. Importantly, comprehensive evaluations revealed that the TAF-BP-DOX system not only improves therapeutic outcomes but also substantially mitigates the cardiotoxicity typically associated with DOX treatment. These collective findings position TAF-BP-DOX as a highly promising nanotherapeutic platform.