Laparoscopic splenectomy: standardized approach.

Laparoscopic splenectomy was first reported in 1991-1992 by several groups. The impact and role of laparoscopy for splenectomy can be considered as significant as that for gallbladder disease, achalasia, esophageal reflux, and adrenal disease. In many centers, the laparoscopic approach is now routine for most cases of elective splenectomy. The laparoscopic approach is associated with reduced morbidity, especially pulmonary, wound, and infectious complications. This article reviews a standardized approach to laparoscopic and hand-assisted splenectomy and covers indications, operative strategy, and complications. Several special considerations, including massive splenomegaly, postsplenectomy thrombosis of the portosplenic venous system, and accessory spleens are also discussed.