The clinical recovery of tuberculosis patients undergoing specific treatment is associated with changes in the immune and neuroendocrine responses.

Tuberculosis (TB) caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis is a health problem worldwide. Patients with pulmonary TB show a neuro-immune-endocrine imbalance characterized by an impaired cellular immunity together with increased plasma levels of cortisol, pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines and markedly decreased dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) levels. Extending these findings, we now investigated the immune-endocrine profile of TB patients undergoing specific treatment. Patients (n = 24) were bled at diagnosis (T0), 2, 4, 6 months after treatment initiation and 3 months following its completion. At T0, TB patients showed increased plasma levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6), C reactive protein, interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) and transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β). These mediators decreased during treatment, reaching levels similar to those from healthy controls (n = 26). Specific treatment led to an increased lymphoproliferative response along with clinical improvement. Newly diagnosed patients had low levels of DHEA, with increased cortisol amounts and cortisol/DHEA ratio, which normalized upon specific treatment. As regards glucocorticoid receptors (GR), TB patients at diagnosis presented a reduced mRNA GRα/GRβ ratio in their peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Furthermore, multivariate analysis showed that cortisol/DHEA ratio was positively associated with inflammatory mediators for which this ratio may constitute a disease biomarker. Anti-mycobacterial treatment results in a better immune-endocrine scenario for the control of physiopathological processes accompanying disease development and hence implied in clinical recovery.