[Biological reconstruction of large bone defects : Masquelet technique and new procedures].

Extensive diaphyseal and metaphyseal bone defects continue to pose a major challenge for orthopedic trauma surgeons. Various treatment options have been described for the biological reconstruction of these defects. The most frequently used methods are bone segment transport, the Masquelet technique and 3D printed scaffolds. As far as the Masquelet technique is concerned, in the first stage spacers, such as polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA), calcium sulfate or polypropylene are inserted into the bone defects to induce a foreign body membrane. In the second stage the bone defect surrounded by the induced membrane is filled with autologous cancellous bone. The time interval between the first and second interventions is usually 4-8 weeks whereby the induced membranes do not lose their bioactivity even with a latency period longer than 8 weeks. Three-dimensional printed scaffolds are increasingly used but large clinical studies are lacking in order to show the exact role of this procedure in the reconstruction of bone defects.