A state-of-the-art in exploring microalgal vitamins: Advancements in production, extraction, market potential, applications, and perspectives for a sustainable future.

Microalgae offer a sustainable and adaptable source of essential vitamins, making them a promising alternative to traditional synthetic and plant-based sources. As natural and bioavailable nutrients become increasingly important, microalgae such as Chlorella, Spirulina, Dunaliella, and Haematococcus, known for their ability to synthesize a wide range of vitamins, including A, B, C, D, E, and K, are gaining more attention. The biosynthesis pathways of these vitamins are explored, with a focus on stress-induced techniques and the impact of genetic engineering on production yields. Recent innovations in photobioreactors and hybrid open-closed systems, as well as advanced extraction methods, are explored for their potential to enhance efficiency and sustainability in vitamin recovery. Their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and immune-boosting properties make microalgal vitamins valuable tools for addressing global nutritional deficiencies and improving overall health. Despite significant progress, challenges persist, including high production costs, scalability issues, and regulatory concerns. The review emphasizes the importance of developing cost-effective farming systems, advanced genetic engineering, and modern extraction technologies, and suggests directions for future research. Vitamins from microalgae hold great potential for transforming the global nutraceutical and pharmaceutical industries, fostering innovation, creating revenue opportunities, and promoting a more sustainable and eco-friendly future.