[Imaging methods].

A number of abnormalities of the shoulder joint can cause pain or dysfunction. Imaging of this complex joint is demanding. Standard radiographs are considered to represent the basis of all imaging. For more detailed diagnoses, especially concerning soft tissue, more advanced imaging methods are required. Standard arthrography (without combination with either CT or MRI) is rarely indicated anymore. Bone scintigraphy is another imaging method with limited use in shoulder joint abnormalities (neoplasm, infection, occult fracture). Sonography is useful in abnormalities of the rotator cuff and the biceps tendon. This method is commonly employed for screening. CT is useful in the demonstration of complex fractures. CT arthrography is indicated in instability of the glenohumeral joint and is competing with MR arthrography. MRI and MR arthrography are the imaging method of choice for many indications, mainly due to their free choice of imaging planes and excellent contrast resolution. These methods provide the most detailed diagnosis mainly with regard to abnormalities of the rotator cuff (partial versus intact or full-thickness tears) and the biceps tendon and are useful in the assessment of instability.