Dissecting the recruitment and self-organization of αSMA-positive fibroblasts in the foreign body response.

The foreign body response (FBR) is a clinically relevant issue that can cause malfunction of implanted medical devices by fibrotic encapsulation. Whereas inflammatory aspects of the FBR have been established, underlying fibroblast-dependent mechanisms remain unclear. We here combine multiphoton microscopy with ad hoc reporter mice expressing α-smooth muscle actin (αSMA) protein to determine the locoregional fibroblast dynamics, activation, and fibrotic encapsulation of polymeric materials. Fibroblasts invaded as individual cells and established a multicellular network, which transited to a two-compartment fibrotic response displaying an αSMA cold external capsule and a long-lasting, inner αSMA hot environment. The recruitment of fibroblasts and extent of fibrosis were only incompletely inhibited after depletion of macrophages, implicating coexistence of macrophage-dependent and macrophage-independent mediators. Furthermore, neither altering material type or porosity modulated αSMA+ cell recruitment and distribution. This identifies fibroblast activation and network formation toward a two-compartment FBR as a conserved, self-organizing process partially independent of macrophages.