Innovative Biotechnological Strategies for Sustainable Myo-Inositol Production and Application.

Myo-inositol, a high-value cyclic polyol, is increasingly sought by pharmaceutical, food, feed, and cosmetic industries. This review systematically surveys the latest biotechnological advances poised to replace traditional, high-pollution methods. First, multienzyme cascades that convert renewable carbohydrates─starch, glucose, xylose, cellulose, sucrose─are reviewed, highlighting immobilized reactors, porous microspheres, biomimetic mineralized capsules, and biofilm systems that boost stability, reusability, and space-time yields. Second, microbial cell-factory strategies are examined, covering chassis benchmarking (Escherichia coli, Pichia pastoris, Kluyveromyces marxianus, cyanobacteria), carbon-flux redirection, glucose-glycerol synergistic feeding, and dynamic regulatory circuits. A unified analysis pinpoints recurrent bottlenecks─cofactor imbalance, enzyme thermostability gaps, narrow substrate spectra, product inhibition, and downstream complexity─and distills the targeted fixes discussed in the field, from cofactor regeneration circuits to modular process design. By integrating cutting-edge research with industrial techno-economic indicators, this review offers a comprehensive roadmap for sustainable, cost-competitive myo-inositol biomanufacturing and guides future research toward greener production systems.