Biodegradation of two persistent aromatic compounds by using oil shale.

Low-cost oil shale was investigated as a biodegradation promoter material, in order to exploit its potential for more widespread and efficient usage in the elimination of pollution. Degradation of two model pollutants, 4-nitrophenol and phenol, was examined in the presence of oil shale in a batch system. In order to investigate the role of the natural microflora of the oil shale in degradation, sodium azide was added to inhibit microbial growth. The effect of metal ions was also investigated. In the sodium azide-free solutions the model pollutants were completely degraded up to 2000 µmol/L concentration in a dose-dependent way, while the addition of sodium azide delayed greatly but did not stop the degradation. Manganese(II) ions increased the rate of the degradation of 4-nitrophenol, and given quantities of iron(II), manganese(II) or zinc(II) ions were also effective in degradation of phenol. Our results suggest that oil shale is not only an adsorbent but has an active role in the degradation of pollutants by its natural microflora. Utilizing these features of oil shale, it is a suitable candidate as an ameliorating agent, which can also be used in industrial size.