A coordinated transcriptional switching network mediates antigenic variation of human malaria parasites.

Objectives

Ferroptosis resistance may contribute to tumor progression and immune escape. This study evaluated the prognostic and immunological significance of glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4), a core ferroptosis-suppressive enzyme, in surgically resected lung adenocarcinoma.

Methods

We retrospectively analyzed 104 patients with primary lung adenocarcinoma who underwent curative resection. GPX4 protein expression was assessed by immunohistochemistry (IHC) using the histological score (H-score), and patients were classified as GPX4-low (n = 54) or GPX4-high (n = 50). Intratumoral immune contexture was quantified using CD3, CD4, CD8, CD68, programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1), and programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) staining. Disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS) were analyzed using Cox regression. Cutoff sensitivity analyses, category consolidation, ridge-penalized Cox regression, events-per-variable assessment, bootstrap internal validation, and interobserver reproducibility testing were performed to strengthen statistical robustness.

Results

GPX4-high tumors were associated with systemic inflammatory and immune-related features, including elevated fibrinogen (p = 0.015), lower lymphocyte-to-monocyte ratio (p = 0.003), and altered aspartate aminotransferase-to-alanine aminotransferase ratio (p = 0.028). GPX4-high tumors showed reduced intratumoral CD3+, CD4+, CD8+, and CD68+ immune-cell infiltration, together with increased PD-1 and PD-L1 expression, indicating an immune-cold yet checkpoint-enriched phenotype. After category consolidation and ridge-penalized multivariable adjustment, high GPX4 expression remained independently associated with worse DFS (HR, 8.63; 95% CI, 2.99-24.91; p < 0.001) and OS (HR, 6.94; 95% CI, 2.44-19.74; p < 0.001). GPX4-based prognostic models showed bias-corrected C-index values of 0.782 for DFS and 0.826 for OS, with calibration slopes of 0.964 and 0.937, respectively.

Conclusions

High GPX4 expression identifies a clinically adverse, ferroptosis-resistant, immune-remodeled phenotype in resected lung adenocarcinoma. Integrating GPX4 with clinicopathological and inflammatory variables may improve postoperative risk stratification.