Air pollution and lung cancer incidence in 17 European cohorts: prospective analyses from the European Study of Cohorts for Air Pollution Effects (ESCAPE).
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Raaschou-Nielsen Ole, Andersen Zorana J, Beelen Rob, Samoli Evangelia, Stafoggia Massimo, Weinmayr Gudrun, Hoffmann Barbara, Fischer Paul, Nieuwenhuijsen Mark J, Brunekreef Bert, Xun Wei W, Katsouyanni Klea, Dimakopoulou Konstantina, Sommar Johan, Forsberg Bertil, Modig Lars, Oudin Anna, Oftedal Bente, Schwarze Per E, Nafstad Per, De Faire Ulf, Pedersen Nancy L, Ostenson Claes-Göran, Fratiglioni Laura, Penell Johanna, Korek Michal, Pershagen Göran, Eriksen Kirsten T, Sørensen Mette, Tjønneland Anne, Ellermann Thomas, Eeftens Marloes, Peeters Petra H, Meliefste Kees, Wang Meng, Bueno-de-Mesquita Bas, Key Timothy J, de Hoogh Kees, Concin Hans, Nagel Gabriele, Vilier Alice, Grioni Sara, Krogh Vittorio, Tsai Ming-Yi, Ricceri Fulvio, Sacerdote Carlotta, Galassi Claudia, Migliore Enrica, Ranzi Andrea, Cesaroni Giulia, Badaloni Chiara, Forastiere Francesco, Tamayo Ibon, Amiano Pilar, Dorronsoro Miren, Trichopoulou Antonia, Bamia Christina, Vineis Paolo, Hoek Gerard
Аннотация
METHODS: This prospective analysis of data obtained by the European Study of Cohorts for Air Pollution Effects used data from 17 cohort studies based in nine European countries. Baseline addresses were geocoded and we assessed air pollution by land-use regression models for particulate matter (PM) with diameter of less than 10 μm (PM10), less than 2·5 μm (PM2·5), and between 2·5 and 10 μm (PMcoarse), soot (PM2·5absorbance), nitrogen oxides, and two traffic indicators. We used Cox regression models with adjustment for potential confounders for cohort-specific analyses and random effects models for meta-analyses.
FINDINGS: The 312 944 cohort members contributed 4 013 131 person-years at risk. During follow-up (mean 12·8 years), 2095 incident lung cancer cases were diagnosed. The meta-analyses showed a statistically significant association between risk for lung cancer and PM10 (hazard ratio [HR] 1·22 [95% CI 1·03-1·45] per 10 μg/m(3)). For PM2·5 the HR was 1·18 (0·96-1·46) per 5 μg/m(3). The same increments of PM10 and PM2·5 were associated with HRs for adenocarcinomas of the lung of 1·51 (1·10-2·08) and 1·55 (1·05-2·29), respectively. An increase in road traffic of 4000 vehicle-km per day within 100 m of the residence was associated with an HR for lung cancer of 1·09 (0·99-1·21). The results showed no association between lung cancer and nitrogen oxides concentration (HR 1·01 [0·95-1·07] per 20 μg/m(3)) or traffic intensity on the nearest street (HR 1·00 [0·97-1·04] per 5000 vehicles per day).
INTERPRETATION: Particulate matter air pollution contributes to lung cancer incidence in Europe.
FUNDING: European Community's Seventh Framework Programme.