A Meta-Analysis Examining the Impact of Consuming Nitrogen-Free Analogs of Essential Amino Acids on the Progression of Chronic Renal Disease.

Background and

Objectives

We conducted a meta-analysis to assess the impact of nitrogen-free substitutes for essential amino acids on the progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD). Materials and

Methods

A comprehensive literature review conducted up to November 2024 identified 15 studies that involved 1596 participants with CKD at baseline; among them, 797 were on very-low-protein diets (LPDs) enriched with nitrogen-free analogs (NFA), while 799 followed a standard LPD.

Results

A very-LPD utilizing NFA showed significantly improved estimated glomerular filtration rate (MD, 1.00; 95% CI, 0.35-1.64, p = 0.002), reduced serum creatinine (MD, -0.44; 95% CI, -0.75 to -0.13, p = 0.006), decreased blood urea nitrogen (MD, -35.34; 95% CI, -64.27 to -6.42, p = 0.02), and lower parathyroid hormone levels (MD, -1.25; 95% CI, -2.33 to 0.18, p = 0.02) when compared to a standard LPD in patients with CKD. Nevertheless, the very-LPD with NFA resulted in no significant differences in serum albumin (MD, 0.08; 95% CI, -0.03 to 0.19, p = 0.14), serum cholesterol (MD, -17.25; 95% CI, -42.79 to 8.29, p = 0.19), serum phosphorus (MD, -0.41; 95% CI, -0.97 to 0.15, p = 0.15), and serum calcium (MD, 0.16; 95% CI, -0.06 to 0.39, p = 0.16) compared to a typical LPD in subjects with CKD.

Conclusions

A very-LPD supplemented with NFA showed a notably higher estimated glomerular filtration rate, decreased serum creatinine levels, lower blood urea nitrogen, and reduced parathyroid hormone levels; however, there were no significant differences observed in serum albumin, serum cholesterol, serum phosphorous, and serum calcium when compared to a standard LPD in individuals with CKD. Additional research is necessary to confirm these results.