Castor (Ricinus communis L.) differential cell cycle and metabolism reactivation, germinability, and seedling performance under NaCl and PEG osmoticum: Stress tolerance related to genotype-preestablished superoxide dismutase activity.

Castor (Ricinus communis) is a relevant industrial oilseed feedstock for many industrial applications, being globally mainly cultivated by smallholder farmers in semiarid areas, where abiotic stresses predominate. Therefore, susceptible to generating reactive oxygen species (ROS) and subsequent oxidative stress, compromising cell metabolism upon seed imbibition and germination, seedling and crop establishment, and yield. The present study evaluated the consequences of water restriction by Polyethylene glycol (PEG) and Sodium chloride (NaCl) on cell cycle and metabolism reactivation on germinability, seedling growth, and vigor parameters in 2 commercial castor genotypes (Nordestina and Paraguaçu). PEG water restriction inhibited germination completely at -0.23 MPa or higher, presumably due to reduced oxygen availability. The restrictive effects of NaCl saline stress on germination were observed only from -0.46 MPa onwards, affecting dry mass accumulation and the production of normal seedlings. In general, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity increased in NaCl -0.23 MPa, whereas its modulation during the onset of imbibition (24h) seemed to depend on its initial levels in dry seeds in a genotype-specific manner, therefore, resulting in the higher stress tolerance of Nordestina compared to Paraguaçu. Overall, results show that Castor germination and seedling development are more sensitive to the restrictive effects of PEG than NaCl at similar osmotic potentials, contributing to a better understanding of the responses to water restriction stresses by different Castor genotypes. Ultimately, SOD may constitute a potential marker for characterizing castor genotypes in stressful situations during germination, early seedling, and crop establishment, and a target for breeding for Castor-improved stress tolerance.