Advances in repeat expansion diseases and a new concept of repeat motif-phenotype correlation.

Recently repeat expansions have been found in more than 10 diseases in the past two years. Because the same repeat motifs are found in similar disease (as exemplified by benign adult familial myoclonic epilepsy) or in diseases with overlapping phenotype (as exemplified by fragile X tremor/ataxia syndrome, neuronal intranuclear inclusion disease, oculopharyngeal myopathy with leukoencephalopathy, and oculopharyngodistal myopathy), we propose a new concept of 'repeat motif-phenotype correlation', which argue for toxic gain-of-function mechanism caused by expanded repeats, rather than altered functions of genes harboring expanded repeats. The concept is expected to help identify repeat expansions taking the similar or overlapping clinical presentations as the clues. Although repeat expansions have been identified predominantly in autosomal dominant diseases, recent progresses have demonstrated that they are also observed in autosomal recessive diseases. Furthermore, repeat expansions are not infrequently observed in patients without family histories, which urges us to pay attention to sporadic diseases. We should expand our views toward repeat expansion diseases to accelerate discovery of diseases caused by repeat expansions, better understanding the disease mechanisms, and development of therapeutic measures.