Leveraging the blue economy for emission reduction in industries: a comprehensive review of recent studies.

Industrial emissions, especially from thermoelectric power plants and heavy industries, increase global greenhouse gas levels, making climate change and environmental damage worse. Traditional emission control technologies such as chemical and geological carbon capture methods are usually energy intensive, economically infeasible and result in secondary pollutants. This study seeks to integrate the microalgal biorefineries within the context of the blue economy to address these limitations and facilitate greenhouse gas removal and bio-product generation. The uniqueness of this approach is that it is holistic and scalable, and microalgae serve as biological agents for emission mitigation and the production of high-value biofuels, bioplastics, etc. This study systematically reviews recent studies of microalgal-based carbon dioxide sequestration and industrial integration to identify key challenges and opportunities in scaling up microalgal biorefineries for real-world applications. It is shown that optimized photobioreactor designs, strain selection, genetic modifications, and industrial waste recycling strategies significantly increase carbon fixation efficiency and economic viability.