Trauma and Chinese heroin users.

This qualitative study explores the traumas of Chinese heroin users. The results showed that the Chinese experience traumas during (childhood, later in life but prior to heroin-use onset, and throughout their heroin-use career. Themes related to the traumas include the historical economic transition, the value of family orientation, an emphasis on scholarly pursuits, the shame orientation, and a scarcity of resources conducive to recovery. This article provides a framework to understand the traumas experienced by Chinese people and offers insights on how macrofactors may impact the trauma and its treatment in different societies.