Inhibition of osteoblast proliferation and migration by exogenous and endogenous formaldehyde.

Exogenous and endogenous formaldehyde (FA) both play an important role in cell growth and migration; however, their potential role in osteoblasts remains largely unclear. Cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) and wound-healing assays revealed that FA exposure at naturally occurring concentrations inhibited the proliferation and migration of mouse preosteoblast MC3T3-E1 cells. Moreover, RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) analysis revealed that FoxO1 signaling pathway components displayed distinct expression patterns upon FA exposure, reflected through significant enrichment of cell migration. In particular, FoxO1-, Sirt1-, and FA-induced protein expression, which was closely associated with cell proliferation and migration, was confirmed by western blotting. The results obtained indicated that the FoxO1 pathway is involved in FA-induced inhibition of cell growth and migration.