Strategies to interrupt the development of Anaplasma marginale in its tick vector. The effect of bovine-derived antibodies.

Anaplasma marginale is a rickettsia transmitted by ticks that invades and multiplies in bovine erythrocytes causing the disease anaplasmosis. A complex developmental cycle occurs within ticks that begins in midgut cells, with subsequent infection in gut muscle cells. Final development occurs in salivary glands from where the rickettsia is transmitted to the vertebrate host. At each site of development, A. marginale multiplies within membrane-bound inclusions. Attempts to control anaplasmosis have focused on cattle and have included immunization and prophylactic treatment with tetracyclines. New strategies for control of anaplasmosis are being focused on the tick vector. Development of vaccines against hemoparasites in ticks may be feasible because vertebrate host immunoglobulins appear to cross the midgut epithelium of invertebrates and enter the hemolymph without breakdown. We tested the effect of A. marginale antibodies ingested by ticks with the bloodmeal on infections in ticks. Cattle were immunized with purified outer membrane proteins of erythrocytic-derived parasites. Infections in ticks exposed to the immunized cattle were determined using an Anaplasma-specific DNA probe, light and electron microscopy, and tick transmission studies. Vaccine-derived antibodies did not appear to affect the development and transmission of A. marginale in ticks. Further studies are needed to determine if bovine antibodies remain intact within ticks and whether the tick stage of A. marginale has unique surface antigens from the erythrocytic stage.