Current Guidelines on Syncope.

Syncope is a very commonly encountered clinical problem in general practice and in the emergency department. In the evaluation of syncope, it is important to identify the specific cause to determine the treatment, to estimate the precise risk to a patient, and to reduce recurrence. Sometimes, making a diagnosis of syncope is difficult, as different mechanisms may often coexist. Syncope causes a significant impact on quality of life due to associated risk of physical injury. In particular, syncope can be a precursor to sudden cardiac death in patients with underlying cardiac disease. It is crucial to identify patients at increased risk of death, such as those with myocardial ischemia and/or potentially life-threatening genetic diseases (e.g., Long-QT syndrome, Brugada syndrome, catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia, and arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia). After these conditions have been excluded, other benign conditions that cause syncope must be identified, and efforts should be made to improve quality of life. The lack of a gold-standard clinical tool to aid in diagnosing syncope as well as improper use of various diagnostic tests, are leading to high economic burdens in this area.