Is the 'reverse onion skin' phenomenon more prevalent than we thought during intramuscular myoelectric recordings from low to maximal force outputs?

There are isolated instances in the literature that suggest the 'onion skin' phenomenon is not always present. That is, newly recruited high threshold motor units (MU) have higher discharge rates than previously recruited low threshold MUs. Therefore, the purpose of this paper was to investigate the presence of the 'onion skin' phenomenon in a large sample of intramuscular myoelectric recordings from low to maximal force outputs. Forty-eight participants performed rapid isometric dorsiflexion contractions at 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100 % MVC while intramuscular electrical activity was recorded. A bivariate frequency-distribution of the motor unit discharge rate and motor unit action potential peak-to-peak (P-P) amplitude was assessed. There was a significant difference in bivariate frequency-distribution across force levels (D's = 0.1083-0.3094, p's < 0.001). Newly recruited high threshold MUs did have lower discharge rates, but there was an increase in the presence of high threshold, large P-P amplitude MUs with higher discharge rates than lower threshold MUs (reverse onion skin) during the stable portion of the force output. The recruitment of high threshold MUs with higher discharge rates decreased the level of common drive from the cross-correlation (Rxy) = 0.79 at 20 % MVC to Rxy = 0.68 at 100 % MVC (p < 0.01), but it remained high. As the interference pattern becomes more complex with the recruitment of more motor units at higher force outputs, intramuscular electrodes may be more discriminating while recording motor unit activity leading to the identification of both the 'reverse onion skin' and 'onion skin' phenomenon being present.