Pathology of systemic lupus erythematosus: the challenges ahead.

Many studies have explored the pathology of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), an autoimmune rheumatic disorder with a striking female predominance. Numerous autoimmune phenomena are present in this disease, which ultimately result in organ damage. However, the specific cellular and humoral mechanisms underlying the immune dysfunction are not yet fully understood. It is postulated that autoimmunity is based on the interaction of genetic predisposition, hormonal and environmental triggers that result in reduced tolerance to self-tissues. These phenomena could occur because of altered antigen presentation, abnormalities in B cell responses, increases in the function of T-helper cells, abnormal cytokine production, exaggerated effector responses, or loss of regulatory T cells or B cells. Abnormalities in all of these components of the immune response have been implicated to varying degrees in the pathogenesis of SLE. This chapter will attempt to provide a "state-of-the-art" review of the evidence about the mechanisms underlying the pathology of SLE.