Review on molecular and biochemical insights of arsenic-mediated male reproductive toxicity.

Arsenic is a natural metalloid found in abundance, in the environment. Exposure to arsenic can cause health issues due to its carcinogenic nature. The primary source of arsenic contact is drinking water. Exposure to arsenic in drinking water can cause reproductive dysfunction in males through a reduction in testes weight, accessory sex organ weight, viability, and motility of sperm, epididymal sperm count, decreased gonadotrophins level, decreased testosterone, and steroidogenesis disruption. This review focuses on the mechanisms by which arsenic impairs the quality of semen, based on epidemiological observations in humans, and experimental studies in different biological research models. Arsenic-mediated male reproductive toxicity can be induced by various mechanisms such as inhibition of spermatogenesis, testosterone pathway hinderance, oxidative stress, inflammation, genotoxic effects, activation of heat shock proteins, and activation of a signaling pathway in testes (ERK/AKT/NF-kB signaling pathway), among others. The interplay between the principal mechanisms involved needs to be elucidated further in future since an overall examination of arsenic-mediated male reproductive toxicity is still a deficit.