Influence of residual polymer on nanoparticle deposition in porous media.

Although surface coatings and free polymers are known to affect the mobility of nanoparticles in water-saturated porous media, the influence of these compounds on nanoparticle deposition behavior has received limited attention. A series of column experiments was conducted to evaluate the transport and retention of quantum dots (QDs) coated with a synthetic polymer, polyacrylic acid-octylamine (PAA-OA). Initial column studies, conducted with three size fractions of Ottawa sand, resulted in unusual solid-phase retention profiles, characterized by low QD deposition near the column inlet and increasing solid-phase concentrations along the column until a plateau or limiting capacity was reached near the column midpoint. Mathematical modeling studies indicated that the observed retention behavior could not be reproduced using one-dimensional simulators based on either clean-bed filtration theory or a modified filtration theory (MFT) model that incorporated a maximum retention capacity. Additional column studies demonstrated that changes in the inlet end plate configuration designed to ensure uniform flow did not alter the observed effluent breakthrough curves (BTCs) or shape of the retention profile. Subsequent QD transport experiments, pretreated by flushing with a pulse of PAA-OA solution, resulted in almost complete QD breakthrough with minimal retention. It is postulated that free polymer was preferentially adsorbed onto the solid surface near the column inlet, thereby preventing QD attachment, whereas in the down-gradient portion of the column, QDs attached to the solid phase without competition from the polymer. These findings reveal the importance of accounting for the influence of coconstituents on nanoparticle deposition and demonstrate the need to simulate both transport and retention data when assessing nanoparticle mobility in porous media.