Helicobacter pylori in portal hypertension.

Trichoderma species are widely recognized as the primary causal agents of green mold contamination in mushroom cultivation. The pathogenicity of Trichoderma is mainly due to its competitive ability to rapidly colonize lignocellulosic substrates, thereby outcompeting mushroom mycelia for nutrients and space. Green mold contamination frequently occurs during the spawn-running and cropping stages, leading to substantial yield losses. Consequently, the development of effective and sustainable management strategies for green mold contamination has become a critical priority in mushroom production. Therefore, this review explored the interactions between Trichoderma spp. and mushrooms, with emphasis on substrate preferences, environmental requirements and enzymatic activities, while also discussing potential strategies for the prevention and control of green mold. Trichoderma thrives in nitrogen-rich substrates and grows at carbon-to-nitrogen (C/N) ratios ranging from 15:1 to 25:1. Conversely, mushrooms require a higher C/N ratio, ranging from 30:1 to 90:1. Their environmental preferences also differ with Trichoderma favors relatively higher temperatures, and light-independent conditions, while mushrooms typically require species-specific environmental conditions. Furthermore, marked differences exist in their enzymatic activities for substrate utilization. Trichoderma is an efficient producer of cellulytic and hemicellulolytic enzymes, including endoglucanases, exoglucanases, and β-glucosidases. In contrast, oyster mushrooms possess extensive lignocellulolytic enzymes, such as laccases, manganese peroxidases, and versatile peroxidases. Based these differences, key approaches for contamination control, include the use of lignin-rich substrates with appropriate C/N ratios, optimization of temperature, adequate ventilation, strict sanitation practices, and using high-quality spawn.