Responses of wheat seedlings to cadmium, mercury and trichlorobenzene stresses.

The molecular response of wheat (Triticum aestivum L., cv. Yangmai 13) seedlings to heavy metal (Cd, Hg) and 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene (TCB) stresses were examined by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, image analysis, and peptide mass fingerprinting. The results showed inhibitions of root and shoot growth by Cd, Hg, and TCB. These stresses led to water deficit and lipid phosphorylation in the seedling which also promoted protein phophorylation in the leaves. Hg stress inhibited protein synthesis while Cd and TCB stresses induced or up-regulated more proteins in the leaves. Most of these induced proteins played important roles in the biochemical reactions involved in tolerance of wheat to Cd and TCB stresses. The primary functions of Cd- and TCB-induced proteins included methionine metabolism, Rubisco modification, protein phosphorylation regulation, protein configuration protection, H+ transmembrane transportation and also the synthesis of ethylene, defense substances and cell wall compounds.