Surgical aspects of gastro-esophageal reflux disease--indication for surgery. An update.

Gastro-esophageal reflux disease is regarded as the single most common foregut disorder mainly in Western countries. The pathophysiological background of the disease is multifactorial. The primary aim of the management of gastro-esophageal reflux disease is relieving heartburn and healing esophagitis. The therapeutic objectives are alleviating symptoms, preventing complications and avoiding recurrence. Besides the effective medical treatment nowadays we possess the minimal invasive anti-reflux surgery which gives comparable, even better results than medical therapy does, in cases of patients who are suitable for anti-reflux surgery. The key question is the appropriate patient selection. In order to achieve the most adequate patient selection, diagnostic tools like endoscopy, radiotherapy, esophageal body and sphincter manometry, 24-hour esophageal pH monitoring and occasionally 24-hour bile exposure monitoring and gastric emptying studies are mandatory to carry out preoperatively. On the basis of the results of these tests the tailored concept of anti-reflux surgery can be applied. The importance of experienced surgeon should be pointed out, too.