[Research progress of the uremic toxin indoxyl sulfate in cardiovascular complication of end-stage renal diseases].

Cardiovascular disease is one of the most common complications and the main cause of death in patients with chronic kidney disease. Uremic toxins are the primary cause of cardiovascular disease in renal insufficiency. In patients with chronic kidney disease, the protein-bound uremic toxins represented by indoxyl sulfate are difficult to be removed by conventional dialysis and are extremely toxic. In recent years, studies have confirmed that the occurrence of cardiovascular disease induced by chronic kidney disease is closely related to the accumulation of indoxyl sulfate. Indoxyl sulfate can induce oxidative stress to cause endothelial injury, smooth muscle cell proliferation and migration, and promote the occurrence of atherosclerosis, thereby affecting multiple systems throughout the body. This article reviews the research progress of uremic toxin indoxyl sulfate in end-stage renal diseases associated cardiovascular diseases.