Continuous monitoring of lake dynamics on the Mongolian Plateau using all available Landsat imagery and Google Earth Engine.

Lakes are important water resources on the Mongolian Plateau (MP) for human's livelihood and production as well as maintaining ecosystem services. Previous studies, based on the Landsat-based analyses at epoch scale and visual interpretation approach, have reported a significant loss in the lake areas and numbers, especially from the late 1990s to 2010. Given the remarkable inter- and intra-annual variations of lakes in the arid and semi-arid region, a comprehensive picture of annual lake dynamics is needed. Here we took advantages of the power of all the available Landsat images and the cloud computing platform Google Earth Engine (GEE) to map water body for each scene, and then extracted lakes by post-processing including raster-to-vector conversion and separation of lakes and rivers. Continuous dynamics of the lakes over 1 km2 was monitored annually on the MP from 1991 to 2017. We found a significant shrinkage in the lake areas and numbers of the MP from 1991 to 2009, then the decreasing lakes on the MP have recovered since circa 2009. Specifically, Inner Mongolia of China experienced more dramatic lake variations than Mongolia. A few administrative regions with huge lakes, including Hulunbuir and Xilin Gol in Inner Mongolia and Ubsa in Mongolia, dominated the lake area variations in the study area, suggesting that the prior treatments on these major lakes would be critical for water management on the MP. The varied drivers of lake variations in different regions showed the complexity of factors impacting lakes. While both natural and anthropogenic factors significantly affected lake dynamics before 2009, precipitation played increasingly important role for the recovery of lakes on the MP after 2009.