Pharmacokinetically guided, once-daily intravenous busulfan in combination with fludarabine for elderly AML/MDS patients as a conditioning regimen for allogeneic stem cell transplantation.

The efficacy of pharmacokinetically (PK) guided, once-daily administration of busulfan (BU) was evaluated in elderly patients with acute myeloid leukemia/myelodysplastic syndrome (AML/MDS). Twenty-one patients (median age 61) received 30 mg/m2 fludarabine for 6 days and BU for 4 days, starting from 3.2 mg/m2 and subsequently adjusted to the target area under the curve (AUC) of 6000 µmol-min/L. The median AUC of day 1 (AUC1), AUC4, and their average were 4871.3, 6021.0, and 5368.1 µmol-min/L, respectively. Veno-occlusive disease/sinusoidal obstructive syndrome (VOD/SOS) occurred in five patients (24%) but all recovered well. Four patients (20%) had non-infectious pulmonary complications (NIPCs). Patients with high AUC1 had frequent gastrointestinal adverse events, but similar incidence of VOD/SOS and NIPCs. Two-year overall survival (OS), non-relapse mortality (NRM), and relapse rates were 44.4%, 28.6%, and 29.1%, respectively. Patients with high AUC1 had significantly high NRM (57.1% vs. 14.3%, P = 0.04) and inferior OS (14.3% vs. 60.1%, P = 0.002), while patients with high AUC4 had a significantly low relapse rate (8.3% vs. 55.6%, P = 0.02). In conclusion, once-daily BU and a PK-guided dose intensification were beneficial for reducing relapse in elderly patients with AML/MDS. However, caution should be exercised as rapid BU dose elevation may contribute to NRM.