Metabolic engineering of microorganisms for carbon dioxide utilization.

The escalating climate crisis underscores the urgent need for sustainable development, with CO2 utilization emerging as a pivotal approach to mitigating greenhouse gas emissions. Among various technological approaches, metabolic engineering of microorganisms for CO2 utilization offers significant potential. This review covers the engineering of endogenous CO2 fixation pathways, the construction of novel synthetic pathways, and strategies to optimize metabolic flux, enhance cofactor availability, and manipulate regulatory genes to improve CO2 assimilation efficiency. It also explores the roles of evolutionary engineering, enzyme engineering, and CO2 concentrating mechanisms in improving CO2 fixation. Additionally, the review underscores advancements in converting CO2 into valuable products such as biofuels, bioplastics, and chemicals using both native and synthetic autotrophic microorganisms.