FTIR- and LC-HRMS-Metabolomics Analysis, Total Phenolics, and Antioxidant Activity of Sida rhombifolia From Different Growth Locations.

Sida rhombifolia belongs to the Malvaceae and is known to have bioactive compounds. The chemical composition and concentration of S. rhombifolia could be affected by several factors, including its growth locations. This research aims to determine the metabolite profile of S. rhombifolia extracts based on different locations of growth on Java Island, Indonesia, namely, Sukabumi, Malang, Tawangmangu, and Yogyakarta, as well as classify them based on their growth locations using principal component analysis (PCA). The total phenolic content was determined using the Folin-Ciocalteau methods, and antioxidant activity was assessed using the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), and cupric ion reducing antioxidant capacity (CUPRAC) methods. The ethanol extract of S. rhombifolia from Tawangmangu had the highest yield and antioxidant activity compared to samples from other regions. The PCA score plot using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and LC-HRMS data showed cumulative total variances of PC-1 and PC-2 are 96% and 91%, respectively. These results indicate that S. rhombifolia leaf extracts from different growth locations could be distinguished. This study proves that different growing areas affected the metabolite profile and antioxidant activity of S. rhombifolia.