Can a simple outpatient-based treatment be used to treat cutaneous leishmaniasis in young children? A Critically Appraised Topic.

A 5-year-old boy from rural Afghanistan presented with a 1-year history of a skin lesion on his left knee, confirmed by polymerase chain reaction to be cutaneous leishmaniasis (Leishmania tropica). Conventional treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis involves intravenous or intralesional pentavalent antimonials. The aim of this Critically Appraised Topic (CAT) is therefore to determine what alternative effective but less painful treatments (such as oral or topical therapies) can be used to treat cutaneous leishmaniasis in children. Embase and PubMed were searched for 'cutaneous leishmania*' AND 'treatment' AND 'children' in August 2014. All abstracts from April 2008 to August 2014 were reviewed. This search period was chosen to follow on from the Cochrane reviews on Old World and American leishmaniasis. Five randomized controlled trials met our inclusion criteria and have been included in this CAT. The study design and reporting quality in most of the trials included in both Cochrane reviews was found to be poor, and neither Cochrane review investigated the effect of patient age on response to treatment. This CAT identified two nonpainful treatments, topical paromomycin and oral miltefosine, whose effective use in children is supported in the literature. However, both of these treatments are currently unlicensed in the U.K. Our patient was successfully treated with miltefosine 20 mg twice daily for 4 weeks, leading to good resolution of the leishmaniasis plaque but with residual scarring.