Charge Transport in Intermixed Regions of All-Polymer Solar Cells Studied by Conductive Atomic Force Microscopy.

Charge transport in intermixed regions of all-polymer solar cells based on a blend of poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT; electron donor) with poly[2,7-(9,9-didodecylfluorene)-alt-5,5-(4',7'-bis(2-thienyl)-2',1',3'-benzothiadiazole)] (PF12TBT; electron acceptor) was studied by conductive atomic force microscopy (C-AFM). For a blend film fabricated from a chlorobenzene solution, intermixed regions were detected between the P3HT-rich and PF12TBT-rich domains. The overall hole current in the intermixed regions remained almost constant, both before and after thermal annealing at 80 °C, but it increased in the P3HT-rich domains. For a blend film fabricated from a chloroform solution, the entire observed area constituted an intermixed region, both before and after thermal annealing. The overall hole current in this film was significantly improved following thermal annealing at 120 °C. These finely mixed structures with efficient charge transport yielded a maximum power conversion efficiency of 3.5%. The local charge-transport properties in the intermixed region, as observed via C-AFM, was found to be closely related to the photovoltaic properties, rather than the bulk-averaged properties or topological features.