Recent advances in the design and immobilization of heparin for biomedical application: A review.

Heparin, a member of the glycosaminoglycan family, is renowned as the most negatively charged biomolecule discovered within the realm of human biology. This polysaccharide serves a vital role as a regulator for various proteins, cells, and tissues within the human body, positioning itself as a pivotal macromolecule of significance. The domain of biology has witnessed substantial interest in the intricate design of heparin and its derivatives, particularly focusing on heparin-based polymers and hydrogels. This intrigue spans a wide spectrum of applications, encompassing diverse areas such as protein adsorption, anticoagulant properties, controlled drug release, development of implants, stent innovation, enhancement of blood compatibility, acceleration of wound healing, and pioneering strides in tissue engineering. This comprehensive overview delves into a multitude of developed heparin conjugates, employing various methods, and explores their functions in both the biomedicine and electronics fields. The efficacy of materials derived from heparin is also thoroughly investigated, encompassing considerations such as thrombogenicity, drug release kinetics, affinity for growth factors (GFs), biocompatibility, and electrochemical analyses. We firmly believe that by redirecting focus towards research and advancements in heparin-related polymers/hydrogels, this study will ignite further research and accelerate potential breakthroughs in this promising and evolving field of discovery.