Treatment of children with acute pyelonephritis: a prospective randomized study.

The aim of this study was to compare, in children with acute pyelonephritis, the efficacy of 7 days' (group A) and 3 days' (group B) intravenous antibiotics, both followed by an oral treatment. Children were randomized after 3 days of intravenous treatment. Technetium-99m dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA) scintigraphy was performed within the first days after admission and repeated 6 months later. Total or partial persistence of renal abnormalities on the 6-month DMSA scintigraphy was used as the endpoint of the study. Among the 92 children included in the study, 87 were followed for at least 6 months (43 in group A and 44 in group B) and were eligible for analysis. Late DMSA was abnormal in 9 kidneys of group A and 12 kidneys of group B, representing respectively 24% and 44% of kidneys with abnormalities on the initial DMSA (difference statistically not significant). When the patients were stratified according to the delay of treatment, the percentage of patients with sequelae in group A was comparable, whether the delay was less or more than 1 week. In group B, the percentage of patients with sequelae was significantly higher (P<0.01) when the delay was more than 1 week.