Increased cardiac risk in concomitant methadone and diazepam treatment: pharmacodynamic interactions in cardiac ion channels.

Methadone, a synthetic opioid for treatment of chronic pain and withdrawal from opioid dependence, has been linked to QT prolongation, potentially fatal torsades de pointes, and sudden cardiac death. Concomitant use of diazepam or other benzodiazepines in methadone maintenance treatment can increase the risk of sudden death. Therefore, we determined the effects of methadone and diazepam singly and in combination on cardiac action potentials (APs) and on the major ion channels responsible for cardiac repolarization. Using patch clamp recording in human stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes and stably transfected mammalian cells, we found that methadone produced concentration-dependent AP prolongation and ion channel block at low micromolar concentrations: hERG (IC50 = 1.7 μM), hNav1.5 (11.2 μM tonic block; 5.5 μM phasic block), and hCav1.2 (26.7 μM tonic block; 7.7 μM phasic block). Methadone was less potent in hKv4.3/hKChIP2.2 (IC50 = 39.0 μM) and hKvLQT1/hminK (53.3 μM). In contrast, diazepam blocked channels only at much higher concentrations and had no effect on AP duration at 1 μM. However, coadministration of 1-μM diazepam with methadone caused a statistically significant increase in AP duration and a 4-fold attenuation of hNav1.5 block (IC50 values were 44.2 μM and 26.6 μM, respectively, for tonic and phasic block), with no significant effect on methadone-induced block of hERG, hCav1.2, hKv4.3/hKChIP2.2, and hKvLQT1/hminK channels. Thus, although diazepam alone does not prolong the QT interval, the relief of methadone-induced Na channel block may leave hERG K channel block uncompensated, thereby increasing cardiac risk.