Progress in enterovirus D68-neutralizing antibodies and vaccines.

Enterovirus D68 (EV-D68) causes severe respiratory diseases and acute flaccid myelitis (AFM), for which no licensed vaccines or therapeutics are currently available. Neutralizing antibodies (nAbs) block infection via binding capsid epitopes. This review summarizes the EV-D68 antigenic structure, nAb mechanisms (receptor blockade and conformational disruption), therapeutic prospects of nAbs, and vaccine progress (inactivated, virus-like particle [VLP], and nucleic acid). Key challenges, like antigenic drift and blood-brain barrier (BBB) penetration, are also highlighted to guide countermeasure development.