Codon Usage Preference and Evolutionary Analysis of Pseudorabies Virus.

Background: Pseudorabies virus (PRV), a critical porcine herpesvirus, induces severe diseases in both livestock and wildlife, imposing an incalculable burden and economic losses in livestock production. In this study, we investigated the evolutionary mechanisms and host adaptation strategies of the PRV gB gene through genomic alignment. The gB gene is highly conserved in PRV, and its encoded gB protein exhibits functional interchangeability across different herpesvirus species. Notably, the gB protein elicits the production of both complement-dependent and complement-independent neutralizing antibodies in animals, while also being closely associated with syncytium formation. Methods: Phylogenetic analysis and codon usage pattern analysis were performed in this study. A total of 110 gB gene sequences were analyzed, which were collected from [2011 to 2024] across the following regions: [Fujian, Shanxi, Guangxi, Guangdong, Chongqing, Henan, Shaanxi, Heilongjiang, Sichuan, Jiangsu, Jilin, Huzhou, Shandong, Hubei, Jiangxi, Beijing, Shanghai, Chengdu (China)], [Budapest, Szeged (Hungary)], [Tokyo (Japan)], [London (United Kingdom)], [Athens (Greece)], [Berlin (Germany)], and [New Jersey (United States)]. Results: The gB gene of PRV employs an evolutionary "selective optimization" strategy to maintain a dynamic balance between ensuring functional expression and evading host immune pressure, with this core trend strongly supported by its codon usage bias and mutation characteristics. First, the gene exhibits significant codon usage bias [Effective Number of Codons (ENC) = 27.94 ± 0.1528], driven primarily by natural selection rather than mere mutational pressure. Second, phylogenetic analysis shows that the second codon position of gB has the highest mutation rate (1.0586)-a feature closely linked to its antigenic variation and immune escape capabilities, further reflecting adaptive evolution against host immune pressure. Additionally, ENC-GC3 plot analysis reveals the complex regulatory mechanisms underlying codon bias formation, providing molecular evidence for the "selective optimization" strategy and clarifying PRV's core evolutionary path to balance functional needs and immune pressure over time. Conclusions: Our study findings deepen our understanding of the evolutionary mechanisms of PRV and provide theoretical support for designing vaccines and assessing the risk of cross-species transmission.